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Table of Contents

0. Executive Summary
1. 1.0 Introduction
2. 2.0 Historical Development of Risk/Need Assessments
3. 3.0 Method
   1. 3.1 Probation officers
   2. 3.2 Crown contacts, custody contacts, and policy/research contacts
   3. 3.3 Academic community
   4. 3.4 Accuracy and consistency
4. 4.0 Research Findings
   1. 4.1 Methodological limitations
   2. 4.2 Accountability and defensibility
   3. 4.3 Subjective/moral criteria
   4. 4.4 Standardization and consistency
   5. 4.5 Case management
   6. 4.6 Blending of risk and need
   7. 4.7 Gender and diversity
   8. 4.8 Interpreting and presenting the results
   9. 4.9 Training
   10. 4.10 Overrides
   11. 4.11 Reassessments
   12. 4.12 Audits
   13. 4.13 Community resources
5. 5.0 Risk/Need and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)
   1. 5.1 Implications of YCJA on risk/need assessments
   2. 5.2 Extrajudicial measures
   3. 5.3 Pre-trial detention
   4. 5.4 Sentencing
   5. 5.5 Pre-sentence reports
   6. 5.6 Rehabilitation
   7. 5.7 Custody and reintegration
6. 6.0 Operational and Research Needs
   1. 6.1 Validity and reliability of the tools
   2. 6.2 Potential direct and systemic forms of discrimination
   3. 6.3 Areas for intervention
   4. 6.4 Reintegration
   5. 6.5 Legal research
   6. 6.6 Pre-sentence reports
   7. 6.7 Inform key stakeholders
   8. 6.8 Training
   9. 6.9 Guidelines
   10. 6.10 Audit

Appendix I: Description Of Assessment Tools

Appendix II: Risk/Need Assessment Tools Deployed in Canadian Provinces and Territories

Appendix III: Provincial Profiles

Endnotes

References

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